{"language_default":"de","language_more":[],"ikmk_id":"2068","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Iulianus","inventory_number":"MO-01964","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/object?id=ID2068","permalink_source":"","publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":104,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/104","publisher_name":"Hamburger Kunsthalle","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-059210","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-059210","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-059210\/ID2068","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.hamburger-kunsthalle.de\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/hamburger_kunsthalle","author":"Ziegert, Martin"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"104","owner_name":"Hamburger Kunsthalle","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-059210","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-059210","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/www.hamburger-kunsthalle.de\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/hamburger_kunsthalle","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/104","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1108","nominal_de":"Siliqua (reduziert)","nominal_en":"Siliqua (reduced)","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/reduced_siliqua","nominal_gnd_id":"","info_de":"Siehe unter Siliqua sowie RIC VIII Seite 57-58. Bezeichnet eine im Gewicht reduzierte Variante des Nominals, erstmals erscheinend um 360 n. Chr. mit 2,2 g und weniger.","info_en":"See under Siliqua and RIC VIII pp. 57-58.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/1108"},"date_last":"2026-07-31 17:09:18","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/class_status\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"11","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/11","country_name_de":"Frankreich","country_name_en":"France","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/french_republic","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3017382","ikmk_region_id":"139","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/139","region_name_de":"Gallia","region_name_en":"Gallia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/gallia","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"310","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/310","mint_name":"Arles","mint_name_de":"Arles","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/arelate","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3036938"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"1","material_name_de":"Silber","material_name_en":"Silver","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ar","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/1"},"diameter":"18 mm","die_axis":"4 h","weight":"2.19 g","accession":"","access_year":"","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"6","access_type_name":"Zugang ungekl\u00e4rt","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/accession\/6"},"provenienz_extern":"Provenienzforschung ausstehend. \r\nHaben Sie Fragen, Kritik, Anregungen, weiterf\u00fchrende Informationen? Bitte richten Sie eine Nachricht an Dr. Ute Haug unter ute.haug[at]hamburger-kunsthalle.de.\r\n***\r\nProvenance research pending.\r\nDo you have questions, criticism, suggestions, and further information? Please send a message to Dr. Ute Haug at ute.haug[at]hamburger-kunsthalle.de.","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"Dominus Noster Flavius Claudius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus","leg_text":"D N FL CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG","image_description":"Gepanzerte B\u00fcste des Iulianus mit Perldiadem und umgelegtem Mantel (paludamentum) nach rechts. Perlkreis.","foto_date":"2022-12-02","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"2","photographer_name":"Martin Ziegert","photographer_gnd":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1215111827","photographer_viaf":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/317172704"},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/var\/www\/vhosts\/ikmk.net\/httpdocs\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/mk-edit\/images\/n2\/2068\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1669976303,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Hamburger Kunsthalle, ID2068. Aufnahme durch Martin Ziegert.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Hamburger Kunsthalle, ID2068. Photographs by Martin Ziegert."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"Secunda (Officina) Constantia, im Abschnitt","leg_text":"S CONST","image_description":"Vierzeilige Vota-Aufschrift VOT \/ X \/ MVLT \/ XX (Votis X Multis XX) in einem Lorbeerkranz, oben in der Mitte ein Medaillon mit einem Adler [hier schwach zu erkennen]. Perlkreis.","foto_date":"2022-12-02","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"2","photographer_name":"Martin Ziegert","photographer_gnd":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1215111827","photographer_viaf":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/317172704"},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/var\/www\/vhosts\/ikmk.net\/httpdocs\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/mk-edit\/images\/n2\/2068\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/hamburger-kunsthalle.ikmk.net\/image\/ID2068\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1669976314,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Hamburger Kunsthalle, ID2068. Aufnahme durch Martin Ziegert.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Hamburger Kunsthalle, ID2068. Photographs by Martin Ziegert."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"15","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity"},"literatur":"RIC VIII Nr. 309; R. Postel, Katalog der antiken M\u00fcnzen in der Hamburger Kunsthalle (1976) Nr. 1964, H. B\u00f6rger, Die antiken M\u00fcnzen und die Medaillen der Kunsthalle zu Hamburg ([1921]) Nr. 180.","comment":"Arles trug im 4. n. Chr. zeitweise den Namen Constantina bzw. Constantia.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"10","name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity","description_de":"Hier definiert als die Zeit vom Regierungsantritt des r\u00f6mischen Kaiser Diocletianus 284 n. Chr. bis zum Untergang des westr\u00f6mische Reiches 476 n. Chr.","description_en":"Here defined as the period between the reign of Diocletianus (from AD 284) to the downfall of the Roman empire in the West in AD 476.","concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/period\/10"},"year_start":"360","year_end":"363","date_verbal":"360-363 n. Chr.","year_islam":"0","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":142,"souce":"RIC VIII Arles","number":"309","similar":"0"},{"ikmk_referenz_id":575,"souce":"Postel, Kunsthalle","number":"1964","similar":"0"},{"ikmk_referenz_id":577,"souce":"B\u00f6rger, Kunsthalle","number":"180","similar":"0"}],"type_references":{"2559":"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.8.ar.309"},"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/manufacture\/21"}],"production_peculiarities":[{"ikmk_production_peculiarity_id":"4","item_de":"Doppelschlag","item_en":"double strike","description_de":"Eine M\u00fcnze ist zwei- oder mehrmals mit dem Pr\u00e4gestempel gepr\u00e4gt worden, wodurch ein leicht verschobenes, mehrfaches M\u00fcnzbild entstehen kann.","description_en":"Double or multiple strike during production whereby the die is displaced for the second or subsequent strike.","lod":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/double_strike","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/peculiarity_of_production\/4"]}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"54":{"ikmk_type_id":"54","type_name_de":"Dargestellte\/r","type_name_en":"Sitter","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/portrait","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300189844","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/54","items":{"847":{"ikmk_person_id":"847","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Iulianus","vitalDates":"331-363 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Julianus","corporation":"0","lod":{"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/julian_the_apostate":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/julian_the_apostate","https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118558684":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118558684","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(Kaiser)":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(Kaiser)","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(emperor)":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(emperor)","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57406701":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57406701","https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140692":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140692","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q33941":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q33941","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/847":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/847"}}}},"57":{"ikmk_type_id":"57","type_name_de":"Autorit\u00e4t","type_name_en":"Authority","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/authority","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051614252","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/57","items":{"847":{"ikmk_person_id":"847","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Iulianus","vitalDates":"331-363 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Julianus","corporation":"0","lod":{"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/julian_the_apostate":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/julian_the_apostate","https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118558684":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118558684","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(Kaiser)":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(Kaiser)","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(emperor)":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_(emperor)","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57406701":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57406701","https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140692":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140692","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q33941":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q33941","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/847":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/847"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"1","keyword_de":"Antike","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068754-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300055818"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"31","keyword_de":"M\u00fcnzstand: Antike Herrscher","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"52","keyword_de":"Pflanzen","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"43","keyword_de":"Portr\u00e4ts","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4006627-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015637"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"69","keyword_de":"Silber","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4133759-1","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ar"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"6","keyword_de":"Sp\u00e4tantike, 3.-5. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4124227-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"19","keyword_de":"Westeuropa (ohne D)","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4079215-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/4003761"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"46","timeline_item":"Von 293 bis zum Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.","description":"Die Regierungszeit des Diocletianus und seiner Mitherrscher (284-305 n. Chr.) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Neuordnung des Staatswesens: Neue M\u00fcnzsorten wie der Nummus (Follis), der Argenteus und der auf 1\/60 des Pfundes festgesetzte Aureus werden eingef\u00fchrt und in ein festes Wechselverh\u00e4ltnis gesetzt. Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen k\u00f6nnen die Verschlechterung des Geldes nur f\u00fcr kurze Zeit aufhalten. Constantinus I. (306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab.  F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}